ABSTRACT Despite a wide range of components and criteria affecting Travel behavior presented through empirical research, the results of these studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect Travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. The required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan in Tehran, Iran, as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. ANOVA test was exerted to analyze the significant difference between different development patterns in three neighborhoods. Dunnett's T3 was applied to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting Travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered that factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational centers and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores had been introduced as the factors affecting Travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a license, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced Travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods. Extended Abstract Introduction Finding factors affecting Travel behavior has been one of the main concerns of transportation planners. However, in the last two decades, the importance of the influence of the features of the built environment, including land use, along with demographic-economic characteristics, Travel behavior, and attitudes of people, has been raised by urban planners. Studies seek to find factors affecting Travel behavior, especially land use characteristics. Despite presenting a wide range of components and criteria affecting Travel behavior, the results of the studies are inconclusive, which could be due to the difference between these components and criteria in the study areas. Therefore, this research presented a method to determine which factors in different physical developments affect Travel behavior due to the differences in various physical developments. In order to do this, it must first be determined whether the study areas/different development patterns have a significant difference in terms of Travel behavior or not. In case of a positive answer to the previous question, the following question is which study areas caused this difference. The next question arises: -Which physical and non-physical characteristics affect Travel behavior due to distinctions between different development patterns?   Methodology The present research method is analytical and experimental based on quantitative methods. This research chose the frequency of Travel by private car, public transportation, and walking as the Travel behavior. According to the research's purpose, indicators and criteria affecting Travel behavior were extracted after reviewing the theoretical and experimental literature. Then, the required information was collected through 271 questionnaires at the level of three neighborhoods of Monirieh, Koye Bimeh, and Koye Golestan as the old, conventional, and new neighborhoods, respectively. The questionnaire was compiled as a Likert scale in five parts of Travel information, demographic-economic characteristics, perceptual characteristics of land use, Travel habits, and access preferences of people in choosing their residence. ANOVA test was used to analyze the significant difference between different groups of a characteristic (here, different development patterns or the three case studies). Dunnett T3 was exerted to determine which neighborhood caused the difference between groups. Also, the factors affecting Travel behavior were obtained based on exploratory factor analysis indicators. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test and regression analysis, it was discovered which factors affecting Travel behavior were due to the differences in study areas and which factors affect Travel behavior regardless of development patterns.   Results and discussion This research aims to identify the factors affecting Travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. In this regard, the findings in line with the first research question show that the frequency of three modes of Travel, by private car, transportation, and pedestrian, differ significantly in the three neighborhoods. Furthermore, ANOVA test results depict that there is a significant difference between these three neighborhoods in terms of factors affecting Travel behavior, such as perceptually environmental characteristics of the neighborhood, dependence and pro-liking for personal cars, variety and density of retail stores, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and car ownership. Finally, by comparing the results of the ANOVA test with the regression analysis assessing the relationship between physical and non-physical factors (the same indicators in the same study areas) with Travel behavior, the factors affecting Travel behavior owing to different development patterns were identified. factors such as car ownership, dependence and pro-liking for private cars, density and access to educational units and parks, access to medical and service centers, and variety and density of retail stores have been introduced as the factors affecting Travel behavior due to the differences in development patterns. However, proximity to the public transportation station, accessibility preferences in choosing a place of residence, dependence, and pro-liking for other than a private car, having a certificate, number of children under five years old, and age have influenced on Travel behavior regardless of the variation between neighborhoods (different physical development patterns).   Conclusion In In order to discover the factors affecting Travel behavior due to the differences in patterns of physical development, this research has provided a more detailed analysis of the factors affecting Travel behavior. It has achieved more accurate components than previous studies in this regard. Detailed analysis of studies related to Travel behavior and finding the main components affecting it, considering the extent of variables and data, can pave the way for professionals in transportation planning and urban planning, in addition to providing detailed methods and criteria in the related literature.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The role of urban form in influencing Travel behaviour has gained particular interest to scholars and policy makers to achieve a broader goal of sustainability despite varied scholastic opinion on the effectiveness of this relationship. While transportation forms the nexus of any urban environment, it also accounts for about thirty-six per cent of the total energy consumption in the UK [Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK, 2013]. Thus, an emphasis to reduce greenhouse emissions in this sector remains a key policy objective to achieve sustainability. Also there is an overemphasis of research in this area on quantitative association between key variables as opposed to qualitative exploration in order to understand complex human behaviour. The study reported in this paper has been designed to address this gap. Using a grounded theory analysis, this paper reports findings from 6 focus group discussions and 17 in-depth interviews. Fifty-three participants were recruited from three case study areas across Northern Ireland to represent the urban continuum. Seven overarching categories have been identified explaining the interrelationships between urban form and Travel behaviour in the Northern Ireland context. However, at a macro-scale, land-use policies have played a dominant role in shaping the Travel patterns and this has translated in the form of car dependency and residential immobility over the years in Northern Ireland. Although current policy now adopts a more integrated approach to curb urban sprawl and achieve modal split, soft policy measures have proved useful in increasing the effectiveness of these policy interventions.

Human beings take a step in the path of discovery and searching the universe. Meanwhile, Travel is one of the means of searching wisdom and experience for communicating with the land, nature and the world’s creator, as well as finding meaning and concept of life. Therefore, humans understand Travel as a source of perception and take benefits from it for recognizing themselves and the universe. The term "spiritual perception" is defined as a way for understanding and interpreting all non-material affairs related to the origin of human soul which has been investigated in this research. In this regarda qualitative-quantitative method has been applied in which the spiritual perception factors were obtained by using concept analysis method after conducting deep interviews with experts. Four factors of human hypothesis, spiritual truth, outward truth and human interaction were considered. Study population consisted of foreign cultural tourists Travelling to the City of Isfahan from March to June 2018.  Gathered data was analyzed by using structural equation and Smart PLS. The results showed that all the hypotheses of research were confirmed and there were meaningful relationships among tourists' spiritual perception and mentioned factors. 

Active school Travel is a suitable way to increase the physical activity of students and is an environmentally friendly Travel method. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the active Travel of students to school. The qualitative research method and Grounded theory using Glaser's approach were used. The statistical population of the research included physical education teachers, physical education assistants of the Department of Education and Training, physical education experts of the Department of Education and Training, faculty members of physical education at Farhangian University, school principals, Officials and decision makers of urban planning, students and parents. Semi-structured and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 people who were aware about the research topic, and they were selected purposefully. Interviews were continued until the theoretical saturation. Transferability and verifiability and credibility were used to check the validity, and also the intra-subject agreement method of two coders was used to check the reliability. The results of open coding indicated that 122 factors can be effective in identifying factors affecting active school Travel. In the selective coding stage, factors were classified into 23 subcategories. Finally, eight main categories resulting from theoretical coding were identified. The categories include neighborhood safety, social support, cultural support, physical environment that supports active school Travel, appropriate education, student participation, positive attitude and use of information communication technology. Officials can use the identified factors, concepts and categories in their future planning to operationalize active school Travel.